Best Payroll Software & Services Compared: 2026 Guide

22 min read
4328 words

Choosing the right payroll software is one of the most consequential decisions a business can make. Payroll errors cost U.S. employers an estimated $845 billion annually in penalties, corrections, and lost productivity according to the American Payroll Association. Beyond compliance risk, the wrong payroll system wastes administrative hours, frustrates employees waiting for accurate paychecks, and creates downstream problems for accounting, tax filing, and benefits administration.

The payroll software market has evolved dramatically over the past few years. Cloud-based platforms have replaced legacy desktop systems, automation handles tasks that once consumed entire departments, and integrated solutions now connect payroll to HR, benefits, time tracking, and accounting without manual data transfers. With over 40 credible payroll providers competing for attention, comparing them side by side is the fastest way to identify the right fit.

This guide compares the ten leading payroll software platforms across pricing, features, company size fit, and integration capabilities. Whether you run a five-person startup or a multinational enterprise, the comparison tables and analysis below will help you narrow your shortlist and make a confident decision. For a broader overview of payroll provider categories, see our complete payroll providers directory.


What to Look for in Payroll Software

Before comparing specific platforms, understanding the features that matter most ensures you evaluate each option against the right criteria. Payroll software is not one-size-fits-all, and what works for a 20-person company will not satisfy the needs of a 2,000-person enterprise.

Automated Tax Filing and Compliance is non-negotiable. The best payroll software calculates federal, state, and local taxes automatically, files quarterly and annual returns on your behalf, and generates W-2 and 1099 forms at year end. Platforms that guarantee tax accuracy and cover penalties for their own errors provide an additional layer of protection that justifies their cost.

Direct Deposit and Payment Flexibility should include next-day or same-day direct deposit options, the ability to pay contractors and international workers, and support for multiple pay schedules. Some platforms also offer on-demand pay, allowing employees to access earned wages before the standard pay date.

Benefits Administration Integration matters for any business offering health insurance, retirement plans, or other benefits. The strongest payroll platforms handle benefits deductions automatically, manage open enrollment, and connect directly to insurance carriers and 401(k) providers without requiring manual reconciliation.

Multi-State and International Payroll becomes essential as your workforce grows beyond a single location. Processing payroll across multiple state tax jurisdictions or paying employees in other countries adds complexity that only certain platforms handle well. If you have remote employees in several states, confirm that your payroll software registers your business and files taxes in every relevant jurisdiction.

Employee Self-Service Portals reduce administrative burden by giving employees direct access to pay stubs, tax documents, time-off balances, and personal information updates. A well-designed self-service experience decreases HR ticket volume and improves employee satisfaction.

Reporting and Analytics capabilities range from basic payroll summaries to advanced dashboards showing labor cost trends, overtime analysis, and department-level breakdowns. Strong reporting tools help finance teams forecast expenses and identify cost-saving opportunities.

Scalability and Integration determine how well the platform grows with your business. Consider whether the software connects to your existing accounting platform, HRIS, time tracking tools, and expense management systems. The cost of switching payroll providers later is high, so choosing a platform that accommodates your three-to-five-year growth plan avoids painful migrations.


Top 10 Payroll Software Providers Compared

The following table provides a high-level comparison of the ten most widely used payroll platforms in the United States. Pricing reflects published rates as of early 2026, though promotional discounts and custom enterprise quotes may apply.

ProviderStarting PriceBest ForEmployeesKey Strength
Gusto$40/mo + $6/employeeSmall businesses (1-100)1-200Ease of use and benefits integration
ADPCustom pricingAll sizes1-10,000+Scalability and compliance expertise
Paychex$39/mo + $5/employeeSmall to mid-size1-1,000+Dedicated payroll specialist support
Rippling$8/employee/moGrowing companies1-2,000+Unified HR, IT, and payroll platform
PaylocityCustom pricingMid-market50-5,000+Employee engagement and social tools
Patriot$17/mo + $4/employeeMicro businesses1-100Affordability and simplicity
QuickBooks Payroll$50/mo + $6/employeeQuickBooks users1-150Seamless accounting integration
OnPay$40/mo + $6/employeeSmall businesses1-500Transparent flat-rate pricing
PaycomCustom pricingMid to enterprise50-10,000+Single-application self-service
TriNetCustom pricingSMBs needing PEO5-500Full-service PEO with HR support

Each of these providers takes a different approach to payroll processing. Some focus on simplicity and affordability for businesses with straightforward needs, while others offer enterprise-grade functionality with dedicated account management. The sections below break down which platforms excel in specific scenarios.

For a focused comparison of platforms suited to smaller teams, visit our best payroll software for small business guide.


Small Business Payroll Comparison (Under 50 Employees)

Small businesses face a distinct set of payroll challenges. Budget constraints make per-employee pricing a critical factor, limited HR staff means the platform must be easy to learn and manage, and growing teams require a system that will not need replacing within a year or two. The five platforms below consistently rank highest for businesses with fewer than 50 employees.

Gusto

Gusto has built its reputation on making payroll approachable for small business owners who lack dedicated HR departments. The platform walks users through setup, automatically calculates and files taxes in all 50 states, and handles W-2 and 1099 generation at year end. Gusto also integrates benefits administration including health insurance, 401(k), HSA, FSA, and commuter benefits directly into the payroll workflow.

The Simple plan starts at $40 per month plus $6 per employee and covers full-service payroll, employee self-service, and basic hiring tools. The Plus plan at $80 per month plus $12 per employee adds next-day direct deposit, time tracking, and PTO management. Gusto's Premium tier provides dedicated support, compliance alerts, and HR resource center access with custom pricing.

Best for: First-time payroll administrators, businesses offering employee benefits, companies wanting an all-in-one HR and payroll solution under 100 employees.

Patriot Software

Patriot offers the lowest entry price among credible full-service payroll providers. The Basic Payroll plan at $17 per month plus $4 per employee handles pay calculations and direct deposit, while the Full Service plan at $37 per month plus $4 per employee adds automatic tax filing and year-end form generation. This pricing structure makes Patriot especially attractive for businesses with tight budgets.

The platform is straightforward and uncluttered, focusing on core payroll functionality without the feature bloat that can overwhelm smaller operations. Patriot also offers accounting software that integrates directly with its payroll module, though its third-party integration ecosystem is more limited than competitors.

Best for: Budget-conscious businesses under 50 employees, companies wanting payroll plus basic accounting in one vendor, US-only operations.

OnPay

OnPay distinguishes itself with completely transparent pricing. Every customer pays $40 per month plus $6 per employee regardless of features, with no tiered plans or premium add-ons that gate critical functionality behind higher price points. This flat-rate approach includes full-service payroll, multi-state tax filing, benefits administration, and HR tools.

The platform supports unlimited pay runs, contractor payments, and multiple pay schedules at no extra cost. OnPay also provides strong onboarding tools and document management capabilities that help small businesses maintain organized employee records from day one.

Best for: Businesses that value pricing transparency, companies with mixed employee and contractor workforces, organizations wanting full-service payroll without tier restrictions.

Rippling

Rippling approaches payroll as one component of a broader workforce management platform that also encompasses HR, benefits, device management, and app provisioning. For small businesses planning to scale, this integrated architecture means you will not outgrow the platform as your team expands from 10 to 500 employees.

Rippling's payroll module starts at $8 per employee per month with a platform fee, and the 90-second pay run has become a recognized benchmark in the industry. The system automates tax registration in new states as you hire remote employees, handles international contractor payments, and syncs payroll data to accounting platforms without manual exports.

Best for: Tech-forward small businesses, companies with remote or multi-state employees, organizations planning rapid growth.

QuickBooks Payroll

For businesses already using QuickBooks Online for accounting, QuickBooks Payroll eliminates the friction of connecting payroll data to financial reports. Payroll expenses flow directly into the general ledger, categorized correctly, with no manual journal entries required.

The Core plan at $50 per month plus $6 per employee includes full-service payroll, auto tax filing, and health benefits. Premium at $85 per month plus $8 per employee adds same-day direct deposit and HR support. Elite at $130 per month plus $10 per employee includes a personal HR advisor and tax penalty protection with a guarantee.

Best for: Existing QuickBooks users, businesses wanting tight accounting and payroll integration, companies that prefer a familiar interface.


Enterprise Payroll Comparison (500+ Employees)

Enterprise payroll processing demands capabilities that most small business platforms simply cannot provide. Compliance across dozens of state and local jurisdictions, support for complex pay structures including shift differentials and union rules, robust audit trails, and dedicated account management become essential requirements. The four platforms below serve the enterprise market most effectively.

ADP

ADP processes payroll for approximately one in six U.S. workers, making it the largest payroll provider by volume. ADP Workforce Now serves mid-market companies from 50 to 1,000 employees, while ADP Vantage HCM and ADP Next Gen HCM handle enterprise-scale operations with thousands or tens of thousands of employees across multiple countries.

ADP's compliance expertise is unmatched. The company employs hundreds of tax professionals, maintains a dedicated compliance research team, and updates its platform continuously as federal, state, and local regulations change. Enterprise clients receive a dedicated account team, implementation specialists, and priority support channels.

Custom pricing applies for all enterprise tiers, and contracts typically run annually. While ADP's cost is higher than many competitors, the breadth of services including global payroll, talent management, workforce analytics, and retirement plan administration justifies the investment for large organizations.

Best for: Multinational corporations, heavily regulated industries, organizations needing end-to-end HCM alongside payroll.

Paychex

Paychex serves over 745,000 customers ranging from solo entrepreneurs to companies with thousands of employees. The Paychex Flex Enterprise platform provides enterprise-grade payroll processing with configurable workflows, advanced reporting, and compliance management tools.

What sets Paychex apart at the enterprise level is its dedicated payroll specialist model. Rather than routing support tickets through a queue, enterprise clients work with a named specialist who understands their specific payroll configuration, compliance requirements, and business context. This relationship-based support model reduces resolution times and prevents recurring issues.

Paychex also offers a PEO service called Paychex PEO for companies that want to outsource HR, benefits, and compliance entirely. This co-employment model can simplify operations for mid-size companies growing into enterprise territory.

Best for: Companies valuing relationship-based support, businesses in transition from mid-market to enterprise, organizations wanting PEO flexibility.

Paycom

Paycom's single-application architecture means every HR and payroll function operates on the same database without integrations, data syncing, or third-party middleware. For enterprise organizations, this eliminates the data consistency issues that plague multi-vendor technology stacks.

The Beti (Better Employee Transaction Interface) feature allows employees to review and approve their own payroll before processing, catching errors at the source rather than after pay runs complete. Paycom reports that Beti reduces payroll errors by up to 90 percent among its enterprise clients.

Paycom's pricing is custom and typically based on a per-employee-per-month model. The platform requires a minimum employee count that generally starts around 50, with enterprise-focused features and support kicking in at higher employee volumes.

Best for: Organizations wanting a single unified platform, companies prioritizing employee-driven payroll verification, enterprises seeking to reduce payroll error rates.

Paylocity

Paylocity targets the mid-market and enterprise segments with a platform that combines core payroll processing with modern employee experience features. The Community social collaboration tool, peer recognition features, and on-demand learning modules differentiate Paylocity from purely transactional payroll providers.

For enterprise payroll specifically, Paylocity offers advanced scheduling, labor allocation, and compliance tools that handle complex workforce structures. The platform supports multi-location, multi-state, and multi-entity payroll processing with consolidated reporting across the entire organization.

Custom pricing applies, and Paylocity typically engages through consultative sales processes that include needs assessments and tailored demonstrations. Implementation timelines for enterprise clients generally run 8 to 12 weeks.

Best for: Mid-market companies scaling to enterprise, organizations that value employee engagement alongside payroll, businesses wanting modern social and collaboration features.


Full-Service vs. Self-Service Payroll Comparison

One of the most important decisions when selecting payroll software is whether you need full-service or self-service processing. Understanding the differences helps you match the service level to your internal capabilities and risk tolerance.

FeatureFull-Service PayrollSelf-Service Payroll
Tax calculationsAutomatic, provider-managedAutomatic, user-verified
Tax filingProvider files all returnsUser responsible for filing
Year-end forms (W-2, 1099)Generated and filed by providerGenerated by software, filed by user
Tax penalty protectionOften included or availableRarely offered
Direct depositIncludedIncluded
New hire reportingHandled by providerUser responsibility
Typical cost$30-$80/mo + $4-$12/employee$17-$40/mo + $4-$6/employee
Best forBusinesses without payroll expertiseExperienced payroll administrators

Full-service payroll providers handle everything from calculating paychecks to filing federal, state, and local tax returns. Gusto, ADP, Paychex, OnPay, and QuickBooks Payroll all offer full-service plans. This model works best for businesses that lack internal payroll expertise or want to offload compliance risk entirely.

Self-service payroll platforms like Patriot's Basic plan handle calculations and direct deposit but leave tax filing to the employer. This approach costs less but requires someone on your team who understands payroll tax obligations and filing deadlines. Errors in self-service payroll are the employer's responsibility, making this model riskier for businesses without experienced staff.

Most providers now default to full-service models because the liability protection and time savings justify the incremental cost. Unless your business has a dedicated payroll administrator who prefers manual control, full-service payroll is the safer and more efficient choice.


Feature Comparison Matrix

The table below compares core feature availability across all ten payroll providers. A checkmark indicates the feature is included in at least one standard plan. A dash indicates the feature is not available or requires third-party integration.

FeatureGustoADPPaychexRipplingPaylocityPatriotQB PayrollOnPayPaycomTriNet
Automatic tax filingYesYesYesYesYesFull Service onlyYesYesYesYes
Direct depositYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Next-day depositPlus plan+YesYesYesYesNoPremium+YesYesYes
Same-day depositNoYesYesYesAdd-onNoElite onlyNoYesYes
Benefits adminYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYes (PEO)
Health insuranceYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYes
401(k) adminYesYesYesYesYesNoNoYesYesYes
Workers compYesYesYesYesYesNoNoYesYesYes
Multi-state payrollYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
International payrollContractor onlyYesLimitedYesLimitedNoNoNoNoLimited
Time trackingPlus plan+Add-onAdd-onAdd-onYesAdd-onPremium+YesYesYes
PTO managementYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Employee self-serviceYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Mobile appYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYes
Compliance alertsPremiumYesYesYesYesNoEliteNoYesYes
HR toolsYesYesYesYesYesNoPremium+YesYesYes (PEO)
Garnishment supportYesYesYesYesYesFull ServiceYesYesYesYes
Unlimited pay runsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes

This matrix reveals some clear patterns. Gusto, ADP, Rippling, and Paycom offer the most comprehensive feature sets. Patriot deliberately maintains a focused feature set to keep pricing low, making it the best option for businesses that only need core payroll. QuickBooks Payroll gates some features behind its higher-tier plans, which can raise costs for businesses that need HR tools or compliance support.

For small business payroll specifically, our best payroll for small business guide provides deeper analysis of how these features apply to teams under 50 employees.


Pricing Comparison Table

Payroll software pricing typically combines a monthly base fee with a per-employee charge. Some providers publish their rates openly while others require a quote. The table below summarizes the cost structure for each platform.

ProviderBase Monthly FeePer Employee/MonthFull-Service Tax FilingFree TrialContract
Gusto$40 - $80+$6 - $12IncludedNo (but demo available)Month-to-month
ADPCustomCustomIncluded3 months free (promo)Typically annual
Paychex$39+$5+IncludedNoMonth-to-month available
RipplingPlatform fee$8+IncludedNoAnnual
PaylocityCustomCustomIncludedNoAnnual
Patriot$17 - $37$4Basic plan: No / Full Service: Yes30 days freeMonth-to-month
QuickBooks Payroll$50 - $130$6 - $10Included30 days freeMonth-to-month
OnPay$40$6Included30 days freeMonth-to-month
PaycomCustomCustomIncludedNoAnnual
TriNetCustomCustomIncluded (PEO)NoVaries

What the Pricing Actually Looks Like

To put these numbers in practical terms, here is what payroll processing costs for a company with 25 employees at each provider's entry-level full-service plan.

ProviderEstimated Monthly Cost (25 employees)
Patriot$137/mo ($37 + $4 x 25)
OnPay$190/mo ($40 + $6 x 25)
Gusto$190/mo ($40 + $6 x 25)
Paychex~$164/mo ($39 + $5 x 25)
Rippling~$200/mo (platform fee + $8 x 25)
QuickBooks Payroll$200/mo ($50 + $6 x 25)
ADPCustom (typically $150-$250/mo)
PaylocityCustom (typically $200-$350/mo)
PaycomCustom (typically $250-$400/mo)
TriNetCustom PEO pricing

Patriot and OnPay consistently emerge as the most affordable options for businesses with straightforward payroll needs. Gusto offers competitive pricing with a significantly richer feature set. Enterprise-focused platforms like ADP, Paycom, and Paylocity cost more but deliver advanced compliance, reporting, and support capabilities that justify the premium for larger organizations.


Integration Comparison

Payroll does not operate in isolation. It connects to accounting systems, HR platforms, time tracking tools, benefits providers, and expense management software. The strength of these integrations directly impacts how much manual work your team performs each pay cycle.

ProviderAccountingHRISTime TrackingBenefitsExpense MgmtAPI Access
GustoQuickBooks, Xero, FreshBooksBuilt-inBuilt-in (Plus+)Built-inNoYes
ADPQuickBooks, Xero, Sage, WaveBuilt-inBuilt-in or third-partyBuilt-inYesYes
PaychexQuickBooks, Xero, SageBuilt-inBuilt-in or third-partyBuilt-inYesYes
RipplingQuickBooks, Xero, Sage, NetSuiteBuilt-inBuilt-inBuilt-inBuilt-inYes
PaylocityQuickBooks, Sage, customBuilt-inBuilt-inBuilt-inYesYes
PatriotPatriot AccountingLimitedThird-partyNoNoNo
QB PayrollQuickBooks (native)NoQuickBooks TimeIntuit benefitsNoYes
OnPayQuickBooks, XeroBuilt-inThird-partyBuilt-inNoYes
PaycomExport/customBuilt-inBuilt-inBuilt-inBuilt-inLimited
TriNetQuickBooks, XeroBuilt-in (PEO)Built-inBuilt-in (PEO)YesYes

Rippling leads the integration landscape with native connections to over 500 applications and a unified data model that keeps employee information consistent across every connected system. ADP and Paychex maintain extensive integration marketplaces built over decades of enterprise partnerships.

Patriot has the most limited integration ecosystem, which is the trade-off for its low pricing. Businesses using Patriot for payroll typically need to manage accounting integration through its own accounting module or handle data transfers manually.

QuickBooks Payroll offers the deepest accounting integration of any provider, but only with QuickBooks Online. If you use Xero, Sage, or another accounting platform, QuickBooks Payroll loses its primary advantage.


How to Choose the Right Payroll Software

Selecting from ten strong platforms can feel overwhelming, but the decision typically comes down to four factors: your company size, budget, required features, and existing technology stack.

If you have fewer than 25 employees and a limited budget, start with Patriot or OnPay. Both offer full-service payroll at the lowest per-employee cost, and month-to-month contracts let you switch without penalty if your needs change.

If you have 10 to 100 employees and want integrated HR and benefits, Gusto provides the best combination of usability, features, and value. The platform handles payroll, benefits administration, hiring, and onboarding in a single system that grows with your team.

If you are scaling rapidly or have a distributed workforce, Rippling offers the most future-proof architecture. Its unified platform handles payroll, HR, IT device management, and app provisioning, with automatic state tax registration as you hire across new jurisdictions.

If you need enterprise-grade compliance and global payroll, ADP remains the safest choice. No other provider matches ADP's regulatory expertise, international reach, and depth of service offerings.

If you value dedicated personal support, Paychex assigns a named payroll specialist to your account who learns your business and provides continuity that call center models cannot replicate.

If you already use QuickBooks for accounting, QuickBooks Payroll eliminates integration headaches and keeps all financial data in one ecosystem.

Visit our payroll providers directory to explore additional platforms and filter by the features most important to your business.


Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best payroll software for small businesses in 2026?

For most small businesses with fewer than 50 employees, Gusto offers the strongest combination of ease of use, feature depth, and pricing. It handles payroll, tax filing, benefits, and basic HR tools in a single platform starting at $40 per month plus $6 per employee. Businesses on tighter budgets should consider Patriot at $37 per month plus $4 per employee for full-service payroll, and OnPay at $40 per month plus $6 per employee for a no-tier-restriction approach. Our best payroll for small business guide provides a deeper comparison of these options.

How much does payroll software cost per employee?

Per-employee costs range from $4 to $12 per month depending on the provider and plan level. Patriot charges $4 per employee on all plans, making it the most affordable option. Gusto and OnPay charge $6 per employee on their standard plans. Rippling starts at $8 per employee. Enterprise providers like ADP, Paycom, and Paylocity provide custom quotes based on employee count and selected modules. Most providers also charge a monthly base fee between $17 and $130 in addition to per-employee costs.

What is the difference between payroll software and a PEO?

Payroll software processes your payroll while you remain the employer of record. You maintain full control over hiring, firing, benefits selection, and workplace policies. A Professional Employer Organization (PEO) like TriNet enters a co-employment arrangement where the PEO becomes the employer of record for tax and benefits purposes. PEOs typically bundle payroll, benefits, HR, and compliance into a single service, which can be advantageous for small businesses that want enterprise-level benefits access. However, PEOs cost more and require giving up some administrative control. Companies that want payroll services without co-employment should choose a standard payroll software provider.

Can I switch payroll providers mid-year?

Yes, you can switch payroll providers at any point during the year. Most modern platforms offer migration assistance, including importing year-to-date payroll data, tax filings, and employee information from your previous provider. The best times to switch are at the beginning of a calendar quarter to simplify tax reporting, though mid-quarter switches are manageable with proper coordination. Allow two to four weeks for the transition process, and run at least one parallel payroll cycle to verify accuracy before fully cutting over. Confirm that your previous provider will complete any pending tax filings and provide final reports before you deactivate your account.

Do all payroll providers handle multi-state payroll?

All ten providers compared in this guide support multi-state payroll processing, but the depth of that support varies. Gusto, ADP, Rippling, and Paychex handle state tax registration automatically when you hire in a new state. Others may require you to register with the state independently before the platform can file on your behalf. International payroll is more limited, with ADP and Rippling offering the most comprehensive global payroll capabilities. Most other providers handle international contractor payments but not full employee payroll outside the United States.

What payroll features are essential vs. nice to have?

Essential features include automatic tax calculations and filing, direct deposit, W-2 and 1099 generation, new hire reporting, and employee self-service access. These are table stakes that every credible payroll provider offers. Nice-to-have features include same-day direct deposit, on-demand pay, built-in time tracking, benefits administration, HR tools, compliance alerts, and mobile apps. The value of these features depends on your business needs. A 10-person company with no benefits program does not need built-in benefits administration, while a 200-person company offering health insurance and 401(k) plans needs it integrated into payroll to avoid manual reconciliation errors.

Is it worth paying more for full-service payroll?

For the vast majority of businesses, yes. The cost difference between self-service and full-service payroll is typically $15 to $20 per month. Full-service payroll eliminates the risk of missed tax filing deadlines, incorrect calculations, and the associated penalties that can run into thousands of dollars. The IRS reports that 33 percent of employers make payroll tax errors each year, and the average penalty exceeds $800 per incident. Full-service providers assume liability for errors they cause, providing financial protection that self-service plans do not. Unless you have a trained payroll professional on staff who prefers manual control, full-service payroll is the safer and more cost-effective option.


Final Thoughts

The payroll software market in 2026 offers strong options at every price point and company size. Small businesses benefit from the transparency and simplicity of providers like Gusto, Patriot, and OnPay. Growing companies find the integrated architecture of Rippling well suited to their expanding needs. Enterprises rely on ADP, Paychex, Paycom, and Paylocity for the compliance depth and scalability their operations demand.

The right choice depends on your specific combination of company size, budget, feature requirements, and growth trajectory. Use the comparison tables above to narrow your options to two or three providers, then request demonstrations from each to evaluate the user experience firsthand.

For more detailed reviews of individual platforms, explore our in-depth evaluations: Gusto review, ADP review, Paychex review, Rippling review, and Patriot review. And for a complete list of payroll solutions organized by category, visit our payroll providers directory.

PRSPRS Consultancy

Expert HR technology consulting, software reviews, and resources to help organisations build better workplaces and make smarter people decisions.

Solutions

  • Software Reviews
  • EOR Comparisons
  • Vendor Reviews
  • HR Tools
  • Consulting Services

© 2026 PRS Consultancy. All rights reserved.

Helping organisations make better people decisions